In Situ Flushing

For more information on Surfactant or Cosolvent Flushing, please contact:

Linda Fiedler
Technology Assessment Branch
(703) 603-7194
fiedler.linda@epa.gov

Overview Guidance Application Training Additional Resources

Application

Cosolvent Flushing Pilot Test Report: Former Sages Dry Cleaner
1998

The Florida Department of Environmental Protection, in cooperation with several Federal and university partners, conducted a cosolvent flushing pilot test at a former dry cleaning facility in Jacksonville, Florida. The purpose of the pilot test was to evaluate the field-scale performance of alcohol flushing and innovative tracer techniques to remediate high concentrations of dry cleaning waste solvents in the subsurface. Results of the project indicated that approximately 63 percent (42 liters) of the targeted contaminant was removed from the subsurface. The project was considered a success and additional in situ flushing projects are anticipated in the State of Florida.

Cost and Performance Report for LNAPL Characterization and Remediation: Partition Interwell Tracer Testing (PITT) and Rapid Optical Screening Tool (ROST^TM) Characterization and Evaluation of the Feasibility of Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation (SEAR) at the Chevron Cincinnati Facility, Hooven, OH
(EPA 542-R-05-017), 2005

This case study summarizes the characterization studies and technology evaluation of surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) conducted for LNAPL at the Chevron Cincinnati Facility in Hooven, OH. This report summarizes the evaluation of the use of SEAR as a potential innovative and aggressive technology to treat LNAPL at this site.

Cyclodextrin-Enhanced In Situ Removal of Organic Contaminants From Groundwater at Department of Defense Sites. Cost and Performance Report
2004. Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) Project CU-0113, 101 pp.

DNAPL Remediation: Selected Projects Approaching Regulatory Closure
EPA 542-R-04-016, 2004

This paper is a status update on the use of DNAPL source reduction remedial technologies, and provides information about recent projects where regulatory closure has been reached or projects that are approaching regulatory closure, following source reduction. Information is presented about the challenges associated with DNAPL remediation, the types of in situ technologies used, and data and findings concerning the relative effectiveness of field applications of these technologies. Appendix A contains project profiles for eight field applications that illustrate some of the findings presented in this paper.

Final Cost and Performance Report for Surfactant-Enhanced DNAPL Removal at Site 88, Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina
2001. Laura Yeh (NFESC), et al. 105 pp.

In Situ Alcohol Flushing for the Remediation of NAPL Source Zones: Produced by the University of Florida

This video describes the goals and results of tests using In Situ Alcohol Flushing as a cost effective means for extracting Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs) from three test sites.

In Situ Enhanced Source Removal
1999. Enfield, Carl (U.S. EPA), and others. EPA 600-C-99-002.

This report assesses the results of demonstrations of the following technologies: co-solvent solubilization, co-solvent mobilization, surfactant solubilization, surfactant mobilization, micro-emulsions, macromolecular complexation, steam injection, air sparging, and soil vapor extraction.

In Situ Remediation Technology Status Report: Cosolvents
EPA 542-K-94-006, 1994

Describes field demonstrations or full-scale applications of in situ abiotic technologies for nonaqueous phase liquids and ground water treatment.

NAPL Removal: Surfactants, Foams, and Microemulsions
2000. Ward, C.H., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. ISBN: 1566704677, 592 pp.

Recent Developments for In Situ Treatment of Metal Contaminated Soils
EPA 542-R-97-004, 1997

This report assists the remedy selection process by providing information on four in situ technologies for treating soil contaminated with metals. The four approaches are electrokinetic remediation, phytoremediation, soil flushing, and solidification/stabilization.

Technology Evaluation Report: Surfactants/Cosolvents
1996

This report prepared for the Ground Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center (GWRTAC) provides a state-of-the-art review of the use of surfactants/cosolvents for in situ flushing.

Technology Status Report: In Situ Flushing
1998

This technology status report provides a snapshot of the status of the in situ flushing remediation technology. The information provided herein is a reflection of the content of the Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center’s (GWRTAC’s) case study database for innovative technologies.

Tracer Techniques for DNAPL Source Delineation and In-Situ Flushing Techniques for Enhanced Source Removal: Pilot Scale Demonstrations at the Dover National Test Site
2001. M.C. Brooks, M.D. Annable, S.C. Rao, Florida Univ., Gainesville. NTIS: ADA410848, 293 pp.

A study was performed to evaluate the performance of innovative tracer techniques for DNAPL characterization and in situ cosolvent and surfactant flushing for DNAPL removal at the Dover National Test Site, Dover AFB, DE. The project involved controlled releases of up to 100L of perchloroethene (PCE) into test cells for each remedial technology. After the PCE release, two partitioning tracer tests were conducted: one before and another after the remedial test. The first remedial demonstration involved cosolvent flushing and the second, surfactant flushing. This report focuses on the four partitioning tracer tests and the cosolvent flushing demonstration.

Well Injection Depth Extraction (Wide) Soil Flushing. Innovative Technology Summary Report
2001. U.S. DOE, Ohio Field Office, Ashtabula Environmental Management Project, Ashtabula, OH, Report No: DOE/EM-0577, 30 pp.

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Last updated on Monday, October 1, 2007