City Disposal Corporation Landfill Site, Town of Dunn, Wisconsin

The site had been contaminated with industrial waste, including solvents, paint wastes, oily residues, and other chemicals. A full-scale biosparging system was implemented in 2007, consisting of 14 wells where air is injected into the groundwater. Monitoring reports show that the biosparging system maintains compliance with the state’s effluent standards.

• The 2010 Five-Year Review provides a brief description of the system
• More general site information

Fike Chemical Inc. Nitro, WV

The groundwater is contaminated with various organic compounds from the chemical plant's process wastes. The current groundwater remedy consists of in situ treatment with biosparging, which delivers air to contaminated groundwater through a series of injection devices. Aeration of the groundwater is expected to stimulate biodegradation of the groundwater contaminants. The system became operational in June 2007.

• The 2007 Five-Year Review provides a brief description of the system
• More general site information

JIS Landfill Superfund Site, South Brunswick Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey

Groundwater at the site is contaminated with metals and VOCs, including vinyl chloride, methylene chloride, acetone, tetrachloroethene, trichloroethane, chlorobenzene and benzene. Aldrin was also detected in the groundwater.A biosparging treatment system at this site has been operating since 2005. The biosparging treatment system has proven to be effective in reducing contaminant concentrations in the primary plume.

The 2005 and 2010 Five Year Reviews and the 2009 Record of Decision Amendment provide brief descriptions of the system.

• 2005 5 Yr Review
• 2010 5 Yr Review
• 2009 Rod Amdmt
• More general site information

Otis Air National Guard Base/Camp Edwards, Falmouth and Bourne and Sandwich and Mashpee, Massachusetts

Groundwater at this 22,000-acre site is contaminated with VOCs, including trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, ethylene dibromide, carbon tetrachloride, and dichloroethene. Ethylene dibromide has been found to be upwelling in two separate locations outside property boundaries. Biosparging was implemented in several portions of the site. One of the systems operated from 2001 to 2003 and mitigated the impact of VOCs. Biosparging is continuing in another portion of the site and also has been successful in mitigating VOC impacts. However, extractable and volatile petroleum hydrocarbons have been found in subsurface soil and groundwater and the extent of their contamination is currently being evaluated.

• The 2008 Five-Year Review provides a brief description of the system
• More general site information

Perdido Ground Water Contamination, Perdido, AL

Groundwater at this site is contaminated with benzene as a result of a 1965 train derailment. The remediation system, which initially included a pump-and-treat system, was followed later by focused biosparging. The system has succeeded in greatly reducing the size of the benzene plume. As of 2012, the remediation system is actively addressing groundwater in only a few areas. Benzene monitoring results suggest that benzene concentrations are starting to consistently remain below the cleanup goal and that the focused biosparging activities appear to be having the desired effect.

• The 2011 Five-Year Review provides a brief description of the system
• More general site information

Reilly Tar & Chemical Superfund Site, Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana

This is an NPL Superfund site that has used biosparging on a pilot scale. The 120-acre site has been used for the production of specialty chemicals and related products since the early 1950s. Studies indicate that groundwater is contaminated by benzene, pyridine, and ammonia. Biosparging was implemented at this site as a pilot in 2008. The pilot test was designed to investigate if injection of air into the aquifer would accelerate biodegradation of site contaminants. Three sparge points were installed near existing monitoring wells in the former sludge treatment pit area. Air was injected with a compressor separately at each point, with favorable results. In 2010, an expansion of the biosparing pilot test was recommended.

• The 2010 Five-Year Review provides a brief description of the system
• More general site information

Tar Lake Superfund Site, Mancelona, Antrim County, Michigan

The 200-acre site is a former iron works facility. Secondary manufacturing processes on the site generated tar residue, which was emptied into a natural surface depression on the property. Groundwater under the site contains benzene and 2,4-dimethylphenol, while offsite groundwater contains phenols, manganese and lead. The sludge or "tar" contains phenols and metals including iron, lead, nickel, chromium, and copper. An onsite in situ biosparging groundwater treatment system was installed in 1998 downgradient of the tar removal area. Groundwater monitoring indicates the remedy is functioning as intended for groundwater downgradient of the biosparging system. However, although contaminated groundwater is being captured by the biosparging system, groundwater contaminants are increasing in the northern portion of the site and more monitoring and analysis is recommended for the site.

The 2009 Five-Year Review, the 2009 Explanation of Significant Differences document, and the 2002 Record of Decision provide brief descriptions of the system.

• 2009 5-Yr Review
• 2004 ESD doc
• 2002 ROD
• More general site information

Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Township of Oscoda, Iosco County, Michigan

This is a proposed NPL Superfund site that has used bioventing and biosparging. Groundwater quality at the site has been affected primarily by past releases of fuels or solvents, such as tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene, to subsurface soils, or releases associated with waste disposal in several landfills as part of normal historical base operations. Bioventing and biosparging systems were installed on multiple portions of the site. As of 2004, the remedies were determined to be functioning as intended in site decision documents. Cleanup with biosparging was set to be complete in 2007.

• The 2004 Five-Year Review provides a brief description of the system
• More general site information

Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota

This is an NPL Superfund site that has used bioventing. Site soil and groundwater were primarily contaminated with solvents and jet fuels. A bioventing system to introduce oxygen into the vadose zone was installed in 2008 and continues to operate. Soil samples collected in 2010 to evaluate the bioventing system indicate that bioventing was effective in reducing chemical concentrations to below cleanup goals in vadose zone soils, but ineffective in soils near the top of the saturated zone.

• The 2010 Five-Year Review provides a brief description of the system
• More general site information

Benfield Industries Site, Waynesville, NC

The 3.5-acre site had been used for handling and storage of paint thinners, solvents, sealants, cleaners, and wood preservatives. Soil was contaminated with pesticides, PAHs, heavy metals, and VOCs. 18,000 cubic yards of soil required remediation. Soil treatment at the site involved mixing excavated contaminated soil in a treatment area with hay and manure and tilling for aeration. Treated soil was then backfilled into the excavated area. Samples collected in 2003 show elevated concentrations of SVOCs at all subsurface soil monitoring locations. The results indicate that very little biological degradation has occurred since the soils were buried during remediation activities. Further soil sampling has not been conducted at the site.

• The 2008 Five-Year Review provides a brief description of the system
• More general site information

Burlington Northern Tie Plant Superfund Site, Crow Wing County Brainerd/Baxter, Minnesota

Historic land use at the site included railroad tie treatment, loading and unloading of ties and timbers, timber storage, and several rail lines, some that are still active. Wastewater generated from the wood-treating process was sent to two shallow, unlined ponds. This created a sludge which contaminated both the underlying soils and the groundwater with creosote and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. During the mid 1980s, following dewatering, sludge and visibly contaminated soil were removed from several areas of the site. A full-scale land treatment unit had been constructed to treat stockpiled sludges and contaminated soil. An HDPE membrane liner covers the entire bottom, including the leachate collection system and side slopes. The rate of biodegradation of total extractable hydrocarbons reached a concentration that was slightly above the target treatment goals. This may have been in part due to an underestimation of soil excavation volumes. The land treatment unit was closed in 1995 once soil lifts became too thick to re-work by land farming and further treatment proved to be ineffective in reaching site goals.

• The 2012 Five-Year Review provides a brief description of the system
• More general site information

Koppers/Galesburg Superfund Site Galesburg, Illinois

Land treatment for soils and ORC™ socks for groundwater were used at this site. Past treatment operations had included pentachlorophenol (PCP) and fuel oil. Disposal practices at the time had contaminated soil and groundwater at the site with creosote, coal tar, PCP, and fuel oil. To clean up contaminated soil, visibly contaminated soils plus a six-inch buffer zone from "hotspot" areas were excavated and placed in a land treatment unit, where the soil was layered in successive "lifts" of 6-8 inch thickness. The performance of each lift was measured by a predetermined bioassay that would subject various organisms (germinating seeds, bioluminescent bacteria, and earthworms) to exposure to the treated and untreated soil each year. Based upon the survival, growth, and germination of these different organisms, each of the three year's treatments were assigned an "A" grade for a good performance in reducing the toxicity of the contaminants. The land treatment system has since been decommissioned. To clean up contaminated groundwater, the shallow aquifer received an air injection to encourage microbial growth. The deep sand aquifer was oxygenated via chemical oxygen supply "socks" that release oxygen slowly over time. To assist in the dispersal of the oxygenated water, special "pump and packer wells" were installed to circulate the deep sand groundwater between the top and bottom of the aquifer. The groundwater treatment system is also operating properly and cleanup objectives are being met.

• The 2000 Five-Year Review provides a brief description of the land treatment system
• More general site information

French Limited Superfund Site, Crosby, Harris County, Texas

Approximately 300,000 cubic yards of industrial waste from area petrochemical companies were disposed of at the site. The site was contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), volatile organic compounds, pentachlorophenol (PCP), metals, and pesticides. As part of the remedy, contaminated groundwater was recovered and treated in an aboveground biological treatment facility. The aquifer and groundwater remediation was enhanced with injection of oxygen and nutrients to stimulate in situ biological degradation processes. Active groundwater recovery and treatment operations continued until computer modeling indicated that aquifer remediation goals could be met through natural attenuation within 10 years of system shutdown. However, some areas of the site are not meeting cleanup goals; in addition, contaminants that were not included in site decision documents have been detected. Additional remedial alternatives are being considered to address the areas not meeting cleanup goals and recently detected contaminants.

The 1995, 2002, and 2007 Five-Year Reviews provide brief descriptions of the system.

• 1995 5-Yr review
• 2002 5-Yr review
• 2007 5-Yr review
• More general site information

Koppers Company, Inc. Superfund Site Oroville, California

This is an NPL Superfund site that has used ORC™ socks. The site was historically used to conduct wood treating operations. Onsite groundwater is contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP), dioxins, furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals including copper, chromium, and arsenic. Offsite groundwater downgradient of the site contains PCP. Two pump and treat systems, one on site and one off site, were constructed for plume remediation. The off-property pump and treatment facility was taken off-line in December of 1995 as the plume degraded. The residual off-property plume is no longer being fed by contaminants on-property and is continuing to shrink. In August 1998 a pilot in-situ bioremediation program to assist in PCP degradation was initiated and incorporated into the remedy September 1999. The program was initiated with the addition of two nutrients (diammonium phosphate) and an oxygen releasing compound (magnesium peroxide) to three wells and monitoring at five wells. In the first quarter 2004 nutrient addition was reduced to adding only magnesium peroxide. The on-property pump and treatment facility continues to operate. In April 1998 a pilot in-situ bioremediation program was initiated on-property to degrade PCP and incorporated into the remedy in September 1999. The program initially added two nutrients (diammonium phosphate) and oxygen (magnesium peroxide) to six wells and monitoring at five wells. The magnesium peroxide addition was stopped the first quarter 2004. The PCP concentrations in the on-property wells are continuing to decrease.

The 2008 Five-Year Review provides a brief description of the groundwater treatment system.

• 2008 5 Yr Review
• More general site information

Moss-American Co., Inc. (Kerr-McGee Oil Co.), Milwaukee, Wisconsin

This is an NPL Superfund site that has used injection of air and nutrients to stimulate biodegradation. The site is a former wood-preserving facility. Groundwater samples showed elevated levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Free-standing creosote or an oil sheen was observed in three monitoring well samples; similar observations were noted in eight test pits. The primary contaminants detected in the Little Menomonee River sediments are PAHs. Contaminants that were found in the soil in the processing area and vicinity, the treated wood storage area, and the northeast and southeast landfills include components of creosote: PAHs, benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTEX) compounds. PAHs were detected in a ditch that drains water from the site to the river. Part of the groundwater remedy at the site included introduction of air and nutrients into the zones of preferential groundwater flow via a funnel and gate system to stimulate aerobic biodegradation of BTEX and PAH compounds. Considerable contaminant removal is occurring as groundwater migrates through the treatment gates. This suggests that, as a whole, the system is working as intended. However, elevated contaminant levels at a particular location within the funnel and gate system continue to persist. An optimization study for the site is planned.

The 2005 and 2010 Five-Year Reviews provide a brief description of the system.

• 2005 5 Yr Review
• 2010 5 Yr Review
• More general site information

Biosparging at the Savannah River Site Sanitary Landfill, Aiken, South Carolina (2004)

In Situ Bioremediation Using HRC® at a Former Industrial Property, San Jose, CA (2004)

Pump and Treat and In Situ Bioventing at Onalaska Municipal Landfill Superfund Site, Onalaska, Wisconsin (2006)

In Situ Remediation of MTBE Contaminated Aquifers Using Propane Biosparging at the National Environmental Technology Test Site, Port Hueneme, CA (2004)

In Situ Bioremediation at Naval Base Ventura County, Port Hueneme, California (Field Demonstraton) (2002)

Air Sparging at Four Sites (2001)

In Situ Bioremediation at Vandenberg Air Force Base, Lompoc, California (2001)

In Situ Bioremediation Using ORC® at an Active Service Station, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin (2001)

Aerobic Degradation at Moffett Naval Air Station, Mountain View, California (2000)

Aerobic Degradation at Site 19, Edwards Air Force Base, California (2000)

EG&G's Aerobic Biofiltration System for the Destruction of Hydrocarbon Vapors from Fuel-Contaminated Soils (2000)